Monday, September 30, 2019

The Function of the Landscape Description in Tess of the D’urbervilles

Chapter 1 Introduction Tess of the D’urbervilles is an extraordinarily beautiful book, as well as an extraordinarily moving one. Tess Durbeyfield, the daughter of a poor foolish peasant, who believes that he is the descendant of an ancient aristocratic family, first is seduced by Alec, the son of the neighboring family by the name of D’urbervilles. Then Tess encounters Angel Clare, a man of liberal mind and the son of a clergyman, and they fall in love with each other. On the evening of their wedding ceremony, Tess confesses to Angel her seduction by Alec, and then Angel abandons her and leaves for Brazil by himself.Subsequently Angel comes to understand his moral and intellectual arrogance and searches for Tess, only to find that the extreme poverty of her family has driven her back to Alec. So strong is Tess’s love for Angel and so powerful her disgust at Alec when Angel comes back to look for her that she kills Alec. After hiding for a short period of time wit h Angel, after spending a few days of loving reconciliation with Angel, Tess is arrested, sentenced to death for murder and executed essay writer price. The gloomily tragic atmosphere embedded in the novel is doubtlessly related to the author, Thomas Hardy’s views of life and world.In addition, it fits in with Hardy’s desire to express the tragedy that the valuable is tortured and tangled by the irresistant force and at last is destroyed. Hardy is a well-known pessimist and abides by the belief of fatalism that â€Å"everything in the universe is controlled by the Immanent Will†(Luo 1996: 206), which has no passions, no consciousness and no knowledge of the differences between the good and the evil and â€Å"which is present in all parts of the universe and is impartially hostile towards human beings’ desire for joy and happiness†(ibid. . So human beings are doomed to failure when they struggle against the cruel and unintelligible fate, which is pr edestined by the Immanent Will. So there’s no doubt the prevailing moods in Tess of the D’urbervilles are tragic and gloomy. Tess’s tragic fate moves the readers so directly and profoundly that they only focus on the touching narration about Tess’s tragedy and give applause to the author’s genius on arranging such plot. But another unique characteristic of the novel—the remarkableChapter 2 Analysis of the Function of the Landscape Description on the Basis of Six Places There are six places—Marlott, Trantridge, Talbothays, Wellbridge flour-mills, Flintcomb-Ash and Stonehenge—constituting the foundation stone of this novel as well as the pillar of Tess’s sufferings and tragic fate. The landscape descriptions of these six places, connected with each other sequentially, form a river which propels the tragic waves in Tess’s life and winds its way from the beginning to the end of Tess’s life.Every place represent s one important period and level of Tess’s life and they unite together, making the development of the plot proceed forward compactly, smoothly and coherently, linking up different episodes of Tess’s life together, defining the basic tone of the setting. They become the symbols that indicate the fate of Tess, symbolize what Tess is feeling and thinking and predict a series of tortures that Tess will suffer from. 2. 1 Marlott 2. 1. 1 Tess’s hometown Marlott is not only Tess’s hometown where she indeed spends her happy times, more sarcastically, it is also the birth place of Tess’s tragedy.It is a beautiful place and â€Å"lay[s] amid the north-eastern undulations of the beautiful Vale of Blackmoor aforesaid, an engirdled and secluded region†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å"this [is a] fertile and sheltered tract of country, in which the fields are never brown and the springs never dry†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Hardy 1994: 18). Not only does the natural beauty drift in Marlott, but it has historical origins: â€Å"the vale was known in former times as the Forest of White Hart, from a curious legend of King Henry†(ibid. ). So with its naturally picturesque scenery as well as its historical background, Marlott gives people a feeling of comfort and relax.Then the heroine Tess reveals her veil on an exciting event—May-Day dance. She wears the white gown and the red ribbon and â€Å"she was a fine and handsome girl—not handsomer than some others, but her mobile peony mouth and large innocent eyes added eloquence to color and shape†(ibid. : 51). It seems that Tess, a fragment of the natural world, a natural phenomenon herself, so innocent, pure, naturally beautiful, is in complete harmony with the beautiful and historical place as well as the comfortable and happy atmosphere.But a carriage carrying her drunk father breaks this harmony and some people begin to make jokes of her father which drops naive Tess in a deep shame. T hen a young man of â€Å"superior class† takes part in the dancing. That beautiful place, such beautiful Tess and a handsome young man, these are, undoubtedly, the complete elements of romance. However, nothing romantic happens but the regretful and lost chance. Although the young man feels a little bit sorry that he didn’t dance with the pretty maiden, yet he is anxious to walk and â€Å"dismissed the subject†(ibid. : 23) quickly and easily.The contrast between the beautiful landscapes and what Tess has encountered enables sensitive people to feel some tragic atmosphere, but it is so dim, thin and light, like the haze just emerging in the morning that people will soon forget its existence and ignore it. But after reading through the whole novel, we can find it very romantic that Tess and Angel encounter with each other at the beautiful May; but it’s really regretful and sad that they let each other slip easily. We couldn’t help asking â€Å"why n ot Angel dance with Tess at that time and then love her when Tess was 16? † then maybe Tess can avoid so many sufferings in the future. . 1. 2 The death of the horse It’s unexpected but solid truth that the true life doesn’t include such hopeful â€Å"ifs† for Tess. What is waiting for Tess is the gloomy darkness and sorrow. They like fresh buds conceal themselves in the beautiful and lovely May, prying their chance and preparing for their complete appearance. With the development of the plot, we can feel that the darkness and tragedy is sucking the energy and growing gradually. So Tess’s duty and sufferings are also beginning to swell. When Tess helps her father deliver the beehives to the retailer, the Prince—her father’s horse dies on the road.The hue of the landscapes suddenly converts to sorrow. â€Å"The atmosphere turned pale, the birds shook themselves†¦the lane showed all its white features†¦Prince lay alongside sti ll and stark† (ibid. : 37). â€Å"Pale† â€Å"white† and â€Å"stark† indicate Tess’s moods after her murder of Prince. They express what Tess is thinking and feeling; like a translation machine, they translate the invisible emotion and inner meaning of Tess and it is Tess herself that is really pale, stunned and disappointed in her body as well as her spirits. Then in her despair Tess â€Å"put[s] her hand upon the hole [Prince’s wound]†(ibid. whereas â€Å"this gesture is as absurdly ineffectual as all her effort will be and the only result is that she becomes splashed with blood†(Van Ghent 1953: 430). Maybe this is the first time that Tess has faced such a bloody scene and it is also the first time that the author has referred to death and red blood in this novel. This scene arranged at the beginning of the novel seems to give a hint at something. The hints become a little bit clear with more clues given by the author.  "The pointed shaft of the cart had entered the breast of the unhappy Prince like a sword†(Hardy 1994: 37). Sword† and bloods make us easily recall another scene that Alec is stabbed in the heart with a knife when we read through this novel. It seems that at the beginning Tess’s fate has been displayed to us implicitly. So this accident has a strong allusion to Tess’s future life. The death of the horse is the beginning of Tess’s tragic fate and forces Tess to leave her hometown and work at Trantridge where Tess’s body and mind both confront with a fatal shock and destroy and in the first time people can clearly feel the tragedy overflowing in the air. 2. 2 Trantridge 2. 2. 1 The SlopesWhen Tess is forced to Trantridge to work for her rich relative D’urbervilles, she is stunned by Mrs D’urberville’s house—the Slopes. The house, beyond Tess’s expectation, is not an old mansion, instead, it’s almost new w ith crimson brick lodge, surrounded by various trees and planting. The person in the house, the young Alec D’urberville â€Å"differed more from what Tess had expected than the house and grounds had differed. † (ibid. : 43) Tess originally hopes â€Å"an aged and dignified face† in an old mansion but what she sees is a beautiful and frivolous young man in a new house.The new house, new persons, everything is new. This stimulates one’s curiosity towards a new life but also evokes one’s feeling of fear and unsafety because no one knows what’s on the road. There’s no denying that Tess will start a new life but what’s waiting for Tess? What interests Tess most may be money. â€Å"Everything on this snug property was bright, thriving and well kept; †¦everything looked like money—like the last coin issued from the Mint† (ibid. : 41). â€Å"Landscapes looked like money† but isn’t it Tess’s desir e for money?She kills the horse and cuts the important outlet of her family’s income resulting in her strong desire to get money to reduce her repentance. This indirect and reserved way to express her strong desire for money through landscapes fits in with the reserved nature of Tess perfectly. Maybe there’s money in Trantridge but in the shrub hides a devil—Alec, a fake noble descendant of the D’urbervilles. When he first sees Tess, he fully shows his hospitality and desire for Tess, offering Tess strawberries, filling her basket with them, putting roses in Tess’s bosom, accommodating Tess with a basket of light luncheon.The landscapes around them are so bright and flowery that they make people in a good mood and temporarily forget the growing tragedy and darkness. The red strawberries, the red roses, that’s to say, the landscapes are surrounded by the color red. Even Tess under Alec’s decoration, becomes â€Å"one who stood fair to be the blood-red ray in the spectrum of her young life† (ibid. : 45) and radiates in the encirclement of the red hue. Her growing womanhood reflected by the red becomes so full that arouses Alec’s evil and erotic desires for her.The landscapes here suggest a strong ardor and passion, but seemingly it is too strong to match the reserved feature of Tess, which makes Tess feel uncomfortable. Besides, the continual usage of the color red gives a hint for the sequent plot. Tess and Alec meet each other in a background with red things and the red strawberries and roses, which like a bridge, link Tess and Alec together but also predict the fate of Tess and Alec—Alec is killed by Tess and Tess is executed.Both of them at last drops in the red bloods and are encircled by the color red. It looks like a circle of fate, meeting in the red landscapes and leaving and parting also in the terrible bloody red. The landscapes are the most powerful witness testifying what others c annot see and never ignore the hidden tragedy looming large around Tess. If we keep an eye on the landscapes, we couldn’t become so surprised when Alec reaches his evil hands for Tess. 2. 2. 2 Seduction in the Chase Alec commits his sins to Tess in the Chase, â€Å"the oldest wood in England†.Before the violence, a turning point that sows the destined tragic seed for Tess’s future, happens, we can clearly smell the danger flowing in the air through the landscapes. â€Å"With the setting of the moon the pale light lessened and Tess became invisible as she fell into reverie upon the leaves where he [Alec] had left her† (ibid. : 77). Without any defence, Tess shouldn’t have slept in the dead leaves and exposed herself to the darkness and the evil Alec. Innocent Tess has no sense of the danger. Then the landscapes, like the thunder and lighting before the storm, continue to give a hint at the impendent danger. The moon had quite gone down, and partly o n account of the fog. The Chase was wrapped in thick darkness, although morning was not far off. (ibid. : 76) Darkness and silence ruled everywhere around. Above them rose the primeval yews and oaks of The Chase, in which were poised gentle roosting birds in their last nap. (ibid. : 77) The lights of the moon, the only light in the darkness, symbolizing the brightness and hope in the night, are disappearing and the darkness at last takes the upper hand. â€Å"Doesn’t the heavy darkness symbolize the cruelty of the fate and the ruthlessness of the world? (Qi & Mogan 2001: 98). The moon finally cannot resist the rule of darkness just like the innocent Tess cannot escape Alec’s devil hands. How lonely and helpless Tess is at that time! No one comes to save her; no one consoles her. The only creature following her is the landscapes. Even under the control of the powerful kingdom of the darkness, in the wild forests with sparse people, the landscapes don’t abandon T ess. They see every torment Tess suffers and are much closer and kinder to Tess than the human beings.Besides, the seduction is expounded by the author very indirectly and reservedly â€Å"Alec stooped; †¦ He knelt, and bent bower, till her breath warmed his face†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Hardy 1994: 77). It seems Alec’s softness together with the foggy and dark landscapes reduce the cruelty of this bloody violence. But the wolf in sheep’s clothing is more horrible; the tragedy covered with comedic clothes is more tragic. The landscapes are not the excuse of violence but ironically enhance Tess’s tough sufferings. From Marlott to Trantridge, most times, Tess is alone.No one follows her; no one will hear her painful heart-throbbing and feel her inner emotions except the landscapes. The landscapes’ mission as the prolocutor to transit Tess’s feeling and emotion become more obvious when she works in Talbothays. 2. 3 Talbothays When Tess leaves her hometown for the second time, it is also a lovely morning of May. The landscapes and the environment around Talbothays are so different from the Blackmoor Vale. The world was drawn to a larger pattern here†¦ the green lea was speckled as thickly with them as a canvas. The ripe hue of the red and dun kine absorbed he evening sunlight†¦ [T]he river flowed not like the streams in blackmoor†¦there the water-flower was the lily; (Hardy 1994: 108) All the landscapes, full of cheerfulness, freshness and strong vitality, reveal Tess’s spiritual conditions at that time when she is amid new scenes where there were no invidious eyes upon her. It seems to indicate they can nourish Tess’s hurt heart and renew her confidence and hope for life. They also pave the way for the beginning of a romantic love between Angel and Tess. Talbothays brings a favorable turn to Tess’s life.At Talbothays, both the natural world and Tess come into ripe bloom. Tess is never happier in o ther places than in Talbothays and in accordance, the landscapes suddenly take off its sad and gloomy clothes and become very bright, soft and shining, giving people sensuous enjoyment. There’s a various visionary power of Hardy’s description of the lovers in the roused scene when Tess listens to Angel playing his harp in the overgrown garden. Tess had heard those notes in the attic. Dim, flattened, constrained by their confinement, they had never appealed to her as now†¦ Tess, like a fascinated bird, could not leave the spot.The outskirt of the garden in which Tess found herself had been left uncultivated for some years, and was now damp and rank with juicy grass which sent up mists of pollen at a touch†¦ She went stealthily as a cat through this profusion of growth, gathering cuckoo-spittle on her skirts, cracking snails that were underfoot, staining her hands with thistle-milk and slug-slime, and rubbing off upon her naked arms sticky blights†¦(ibid. : 127). The intense eroticism of the writing, is not in the people but in the details of the scene: the sound of Angel’s harp and Tess’s move as a cat.It is as though the landscapes themselves contain all the secret smells and juices of the act of physical passion. â€Å"The stronger power of the novel derives, I think from Hardy’s ability to shift effortlessly from vivid details of the outer world to the most complex inner flow of character and emotion† (Alvarez 1992: 17). With the development of the relationship between Tess and Angel, the landscapes as Tess’s good friend share Tess’s happiness and become more exuberant and their hues become much brighter. â€Å"The season eveloped and matured†¦Flowers, leaves, nightingales, thrushes, finches and such ephemeral creatures, took up their positions where only a year ago others had stood in their places†¦. Rays from the sunrise drew forth the buds†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Hardy 1994: 133). Alt hough the incident of the churning machine afflicts Tess and she feels guilty for other three beautiful and innocent girls, surrounded and nourished by the new and gorgeous landscapes, stimulated by her love for Angel, Tess is recovering from the heavy moral burden. Tess, after suffering so much, resumes her happiness, becomes â€Å"the daughter of nature† and is harmonious with the landscapes again.The generally luminous tone of the landscapes in Talbothays lasts until the eve of Tess and Angel’s wedding. Then the hidden darkness comes to its life and begins to give off its evil power. At their wedding eve, the sun seems tired and gives out dim lights and â€Å"Gnats, †¦passed out of its line, and were quite extinct† (ibid. : 200). The prosperity, abundance and brightness of summer are diminishing and the cold winter is on the way. There’s a strong allusion that a happy episode of Tess’s life will end and another cold and brutal sorrow is wai ting for Tess. 2. 4 Wellbridge flour-millsAs expected, a series of omens call on Tess heel by heel. First it’s the afternoon crow of a cock, which is believed to predict a bad omen. Then it’s their wedding house Wellbridge flour-mills that depressed Tess severely. He [Angel] looked up, and perceived two life-size portraits on panels built into the masonry†¦. these paintings represent women of middle age, of a date some two hundred years ago, †¦ the long pointed features, narrow eye, and smirk of the one†¦; the bill-hook nose, large teeth, and bold eye of the other, †¦haunt the beholder in his dreams. (ibid. : 214) The terrible portraits add a horrible atmosphere to the house.The background is so uncomfortable and the happiness of their wedding is too dim to be felt. The originally beautiful, warm and lively landscapes completely shrink and wither. Furthermore, the sun sets down and â€Å"it soon began to rain†(ibid. : 215). The rain adds some gloom to the looming darkness and makes people more depressed. It can be assumed the ghostly tragedy will inevitably attack Tess. The assumption is certified when Tess tells Angel her past. Angel’s confession to Tess arouses her hope of getting forgiveness from Angel and makes her narrate her story calmly.But the landscapes have foreseen the result. The ashes and Tess’s large shadow on the wall and ceiling forecast the forthcoming tragic storm. â€Å"The ashes under the grate were lit by the fire vertically, like a torrid waste†¦. A large shadow of her shape rose on the wall and ceiling†(ibid. : 222). When Tess finishes her story, the fire is near to extinguishment. Angel â€Å"stir[s] the fire†(ibid. : 225) but it makes no sense because his love fire for Tess is extinguishing. Then â€Å"he leaves Tess, even though he knows that she is at least as pure as he is† (Williams 2005: 97).The sad and near-to-death landscapes in Wellbridge flour-mil ls form a sharp contrast with the vivid landscapes in Talbothays and mirror the sudden falling of Tess’s emotions and moods. They enlarge the hidden and invisible pains in Tess’s mind and show a bloody scene to the readers that a pure woman is abandoned at the first night of her wedding. Such hurt Angel, Tess’s husband gives to her, is more severe, painful and ruthless than Alec’s because Alec seduces Tess’s body whereas Angel directly ruins Tess’s spiritual world and deprives almost everything valuable of Tess.Tess is pushed to the verge of break-up and what remains is just a living corpse. 2. 5 Flintcomb-Ash But everything is continuing. Tess returns her hometown when Angel abandons her. However, the poverty of her family forces her to leave again. It’s not Tess’s desire of working in Flintcomb-Ash. She just hands over herself to the fate and obeys its order. Flintcomb-Ash is â€Å"a starve-acre place†(Hardy 1994: 277) and the landscapes, like the moods of the heroine, have no passions and souls, just existing meaninglessly and barrenly. Although the life in Flintcomb-Ash is of no importance, yet it’s calm.Meaningless calmness may be better than the ardent torture. If this life can last, it can be regarded as a God’s gift. But Satan has no sympathy. So more powerful tragedies draw near as if to snatch up the remaining energy of Tess. When Tess meets Alec in Flintcomb-Ash, there’s still the moon hanging in the sky. Why is there always the moon appearing? Where’s the sun? The moon has made everything clear. There’s no hope to dispel the darkness and escape the evil hand of fate. The tough landscapes depict the cruelty of the fate vividly.It is so inhumane that it snatches a trunk without any spirits and vitality and does not give it freedom. It even takes the only love Tess remains for her family as weapons, and harshly arranges Tess to go back to Alec to support her family. The darkness and tragedy have grown up and swallow Tess’s everything, her body and her mind. 2. 6 Stonehenge Now that the struggle is fruitless then how does one get freedom and get rid of the cruel control of fate? Tess uses an extreme way to achieve her goal. She kills Alec and gets peace in Stonehenge—the heathen temple.The pillars there are very merciful and Tess â€Å"was sheltered from the wind by a pillar† and â€Å"the stone was warm and dry, in comforting contrast to the rough and chill grass around†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (ibid. : 379). When the human world tries best to capture Tess after her â€Å"cruel violence†, the Stonehenge accepts her and offers what it can offer—a place to rest. There’s no happiness in the human world when Tess obeys all the rules, so after her â€Å"cruel violence†, the world shuts its door for Tess more firmly and â€Å"righteously† and only the merciful landscapes hold Tess.Although the landscapes cannot do more and cannot save Tess, yet they never abandon Tess and help much to alleviate her pains and sufferings. Chapter 3 The Author’s Opinions on the Characters The landscapes serve for Tess’s prolocutor but they are also arranged to express the author’s opinions. Hardy, through the landscape description, becomes Tess’s protector, defender, comforter, lover—but one who ultimately fails in all those roles, since in the end he could not prevent her from dying. 3. Hardy’s involvement in the novel through the landscapes Hardy, like an experienced elder, in fact, from the beginning, always worries about Tess’s fate. He involves in the stage of Tess’s life by the landscapes: when Tess first meets Alec and Alec puts lots of flowers in Tess’s bosom, Hardy expresses his misgiving â€Å"that behind the blue narcotic haze was potentially the ‘tragic mischief’ of her drama†(Hardy 1994: 45); when Tess is seduced by Alec in the Chase, Hardy together with the landscapes gives a painful plaint â€Å"where was Tess’s guardian angel?Where was the Providence of her simple faith? †(ibid. : 77). When Tess and Angel fall in love with each other in Talbothays, he gives a more detailed description of the lovers walking in the dawn: The mixed, singular, luminous gloom in which they walked along to the spot where the cows lay†¦she looked ghostly, as if she were merely a soul at large. In reality her face†¦had caught the cold gleam of day from the north-east†¦(ibid. : 134) At these non-human hours they could get quite close to the water-fowl.Herons came, †¦ watching them by moving their heads round in a slow, horizontal, passionless wheel, like the turn of puppets by clockwork. (ibid. : 135) What is at stake in these paragraphs is not a mere courtship, nor even a description of the forces why Angel falls in love with Tess. On the contrary, Angel seems le ft behind. It’s as if the author—Hardy were alone with his heroine, watching her fascinated, almost surprised by the power of the woman he himself has created.It seems that Hardy, after a painstaking self-control of his emotion, could no longer stand just as a passer-by but involves in the story through the sensitive landscapes and begins to communicate with Tess. 3. 2 Another important character—Hardy himself Another evidence to show Hardy’s self-position in the novel, is that Alec, Angel or other characters, are just passing traveler. â€Å"None of the secondary figures has much interest in his own right, apart from his capacity to illuminate and enlarge the experience of Tess†(Howe 1967: 442). The swiftness with which the other characters diminish, becoming pale and without substance when compared with Tess, and the continual emergence of the landscapes are perhaps a mirror of the way in which Hardy’s personal involvement alters with the story† (Alvarez 1992: 19). He becomes the only character as important as Tess in the novel. When Angel abandons Tess and Tess works hard and lonely in Flintcomb-Ash, the author wins enough space and time to stay with his heroine alone and spends lots of energy describing the harsh and tough environment to express his sympathy and understanding to Tess.After Tess nips her eyebrows off and tries her effort to uglify herself, â€Å"she walks on, a figure which is a part of the landscape; a field woman pure and simple†¦ Inside this exterior, over which the eye might have roved as over a thing scarcely percipient, there was the record †¦of the cruelty of lust and the fragility of love†(Hardy 1994: 272-273). â€Å"Pure†, â€Å"simple† and â€Å"inside this exterior† show that Hardy not only knows Tess’s appearance very well, but his understanding of the inner Tess is beyond anyone else.Angel who loves and takes Tess more as an imaginative Goddess cannot compare with him, not to mention Alec who addicts to Tess’s natural beauty. Hardy’s description seems to be objective, but mixes so much his sadness. When Tess reaches Flintcomb-Ash, â€Å"before her, in a slight depression, were the remains of a village†¦. Hither she was doomed to come†(ibid. : 274). â€Å"Depression† â€Å"doom†, what Tess feels is seemingly just the author’s feelings. Through his such musing voices he makes his presence steadily felt. He like a kind father hovers and watched over Tess.He is as tender as possible to Tess. After the hard work in the Flintcomb-Ash, after her father’s death, after the homelessness of her family, Tess disappears from the horizon. At last, Angel appears and Tess also restages. â€Å"But it was not clear to him till later; that his original Tess had spiritually ceased to recognize the body before him as hers—allowing it to drift, like a corpse†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (ib id. : 366). What Hardy is painfully describing is the tragic fact that even though he doesn’t want to accept, the spirits of Tess has died and only a corpse remains.And Angel, Tess’s husband, hasn’t recognized the truth, which ironically reveals the tragic truth: Angel might not deserve Tess’s so deep and passionate and unconditional love. But Hardy seemingly doesn’t want to end his heroine’s life so sadly and so he leaves five happy days for their escape. Outwardly the author creates a temporarily calm environment for Angle and Tess, but it’s more suitable to say that the five days is just an alleviant to lower Tess’s tragedy more or less and also for the author to make a farewell to his created creature and reduce his sadness.The temporary happiness elapses, and the straining fight against fate is futile. And the last tragedy is doomed to come as Hardy’s pessimistic faith to life. In the holy and serious Stonehenge sur rounded by beautiful landscapes, Tess’s life as well as her sufferings comes to an end. The band of silver paleness along the east horizon made even the distant parts of the Great Plain appear dark and near; and the whole enormous landscapes bore that impress of reserve, taciturnity†¦.The eastward pillars and their architraves stood up blackly against the light, †¦ (ibid. : 381) In this continually roused haunting descriptions of the landscapes, â€Å"which crystallize into visionary states of mind and above all in the power and beauty of the heroine who he created and then unwillingly, destroyed† (Alvarez 1992: 22), Tess wins death as a reward and â€Å"the President of the immortals had ended his sport with Tess†(Hardy 1994: 384), so Tess obtains freedom from the intolerable agony of living. Chapter 4 ConclusionThe novel is so direct in its appeal and unambiguous in its story-line; the plot is not particularly original in its framework, and in the en d it cannot by itself account for the novel’s power. Two remarkable elements in its creation have a significant role to play: one is the passionate commitment to the central character with which the novel is written; the other is the integration of the characters including the author with their environment and landscapes, which Hardy achieved more fully here than anywhere else.The story of Tess of the D’urbervilles begins with the big event of May-Day Dance in the lovely May and ends up with the death of Tess in July. The change of the landscapes, following the season, the weather, the time, predict the main rhythm of the development of the plot and foresee the ups and downs of Tess’s whole life. The characters and the landscapes unite well together and enhance the tragic atmosphere of this novel and demonstrate Tess profoundly.Tess, as if she were a natural phenomenon, is set in the appropriate landscapes: her innocence in the tame, mild Vale of Blackmoor; her seduction in the Chase; then her idyllic love affair with Angel in the sensual Paradise garden of Talbothays in the Vale of the big Dairies; â€Å"her period of desolation at Flintcomb-Ash, where the unforgiving landscape is as stripped of comfort and vegetation as she is of love and hope; finally, her sacrificial consummation on the altar-stone of Stonehenge† (Alvarez 1992: 12).Besides, from the beginning to the end, the author Hardy embodies himself the most beautiful but maybe the saddest scenery to follow Tess, to console her and expatiate her. Tess, Hardy and the landscapes reflect each other, match each other, cooperate with each other, and are integrated together, at last, demonstrate Tess’s tragic fate.The remarkable way of the landscape description as well as the the misery and tragedy besieging Tess offers the most deeply moving reading experience and make people taste the great power of tragedy. The landscapes, like the Phosphor, emit its light and brightnes s, shining the road and guiding us to understand the characters and the novel more clearly and drastically.   

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Fahrenheit 9/11

The movie â€Å"Fahrenheit 9/11† was released in the year 2004 in which the award winning director â€Å"Michael Moore† had directed this film that receives various positive feedback from the movie critics. The motion film â€Å"Fahrenheit 9/11† is movie, which examines the Bush administration's and its financial connection to Saudi Arabia and the family of the most notorious terrorist â€Å"Osama Bin laden†. This movie is considered to be as one of the most critical and controversial movie that had been produced in the modern time of movie industry. Nevertheless, the controversial movie â€Å"Fahrenheit 9/11† was well appreciated and awarded by the award giving body â€Å"Cannes Festival† for the prestigious â€Å"Palme d'Or† award. As a talented director â€Å"Michael Moore† had detailed the considered controversial political event in the United States under the administration of President George W. Bush for both before and after the tragic terror attacks on the New York City, World Trade Center way back September 11, 2001. (IGN Entertainment; Inc.) Moreover, the award winning movie Fahrenheit 9/11 reveals the true story on how the United States government had helped the family of the leader of a notorious terrorist group â€Å"Osama Bin Laden† to go back right away in Saudi Arabia after the horrible September 11, 2001 terror attacks on the United States World Trade Center. This movie serves as the tool to reveal the conspiracy of the â€Å"Bush Administration†, which had committed unethical action during the most difficult moment in the United States. Furthermore, the documentary movie â€Å"Fahrenheit 9/11† also examines the true story on the process of the â€Å"Bush Administration† on military recruitment for the planned war in Iraq. The movie Fahrenheit 9/11 had reveals as well the true purpose president George W. Bush and his Administration on the war in Iraq. In the end this movie had revealed critical information and the conspiracies of President George W. Bush and his administration. (IGN Entertainment; Inc.) On the other hand, fear or previous terror experience is considered has the ability to trigger military offence and sacrifice the democratic values. It fair enough to say that safety of the specific country or person is always the concern of the government in which it is justifiable to sacrifice the democratic values to ensure the safety of its people and its country. Due the fact that act of terror is a big threat in the – society, people and the economy government will definitely take the necessary of actions even if it means to sacrifice their democratic values as well as the essence of the democratic to protect their interests from any threats of terrorism. Reference IGN Entertainment; Inc. (2008), Fahrenheit 9/11 (2004): Retrieved April 30, 2008 from http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/fahrenheit_911/#synopsis            

Saturday, September 28, 2019

Stock Market Anomalies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Stock Market Anomalies - Essay Example In finance, anomalies are market activities not in agreement with the forecasting of the efficient market hypothesis (EMH). In detail, these anomalies seem to breach premises of mean-variance ratio or no-arbitrage. If a multifarious adaptive scheme approach better depicts markets, the supposed anomalies investigators have keyed out may not be abnormal after all. The modern EMH model can be summed up in the "three P's of Total Investment Management" (Lo, 1999): prices, probabilities, and preferences. The three P's have originated from one of the most fundamental and vital estimates of modern economics, the rationale of supply and demand. This precept submits that the price of any goods and the quantity sold are fixed by the intersection of supply and demand arcs. The intersection of these two arcs influences "equilibrium" comprising the pair of price-quantity which might satisfy both the user and the producer at the same time. How or why do markets fail Several reasons can be attached to this question. But the simplest reason is the heterogeneity of the investors which breaks down and the every capitalist starts to act in harmony which leads to either extreme optimism which is greed or pessimism which is fear. The teachings of social psychology are that people like to imitate one another thus giving weightage when being in group rather than to individual's own reflections.

Friday, September 27, 2019

ARGUMENT - ESSAY Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ARGUMENT - - Essay Example Humans, as we now believe, and would not argue against it, should not live along with the beasts in the forests, but rather in their own home where their existence is protected. Humans take comfort and safety in the homes they build and live in. Modern technology, a result of an increased understanding of human existence and the natural resources that surrounds them, has provided the needed comfort that each one of us enjoys so far. These abilities to develop massive and powerful high-tech machineries made us believe that we are able to take nature in our hands as well. Maybe at some point we do, but not in the long run. Survival is natural to humans that in order to achieve this, we create laws and impose them to attain equality among humanity. However, it is not in the nature of human beings to be contented of what they already have. We tend to abuse the environment to find the contentment we are looking for. It is in our nature to wage wars, murder, as well as poison nature that in fact sustain our existence. I believe that our imperfections as human beings apply in order to make us realize that we are in no way at par with the power of nature. Wars destroy nature in such dreadful ways than we realize. Daily living conditions is a daily struggle for Mother Nature as humans pollute the air and water that is necessary for the survival of other organisms as well – in fact those that humans consume every day to sustain human life. Such horrible activities make us think that we have overpowered nature. On the other hand, if we will look into the current environmental phenomena all over the world, nature’s response to our abuse clearly shows that she is still the most powerful one. Powerful tsunamis, enormous storms, and strong earthquakes are all over the news killing thousands of people every year. Humans are left vulnerable against these disasters that strike them most particularly at times when they are least prepared. Even when they thought they

Thursday, September 26, 2019

Ethics of Engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethics of Engineering - Essay Example The engineering profession makes significant contributions to the everyday work and life of the government, private and public companies, as well as the general public. As Weil, in discussing the types of questions presented to citizens, companies, and policy makers, states: â€Å"How should aircraft producers, airlines and the government regulatory agency deal with wiring insulation problems that have surfaced? What will be the consequences of changing our pollution-control strategy? Suppose that instead of attacking outflow of pollutants at the pipe end, we target input at the front end? (Weil, V. 2002: 59). All of these types of questions fall at the feet of the engineering profession. The impact engineers have on safety could not be more dramatically demonstrated than the space shuttle Challenger disaster. It is common knowledge that the engineering staff was against the launch because it feared the effect of cold weather on the O-rings. Every engineer involved knew that if the O-rings failed, there would be an explosion and the mission would be lost. When the engineering staff notified command authorities that they were recommending postponement of the loss, the managers pressured the engineers to change their minds. In the end, the engineers capitulated and the launch went forward as planned—with disastrous results. Why didn’t the command staff listen to the concerns of the engineers? Why did the engineers change their position? If the engineers had such great concerns, why didn’t someone blow the whistle? All of these questions carry ethical implications that cross professional and occupational lines—including the duty of all engineers to preserve the integrity of the profession, the firm or industry for whom they work, and the safety and wellbeing of the individuals who will use their designs. In this case, the very lives of the astronauts were at stake. When that

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Week 4 reflection paper MAM Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 4 reflection paper MAM - Assignment Example Furthermore individual chromosomes occupy preferred location within the nucleus. White blood cells in human bodies like chromosome 18, hugs nucleus on the outer wall, whereas chromosome 19 remains at the center while chromosome 7 hover in between center and outer of the nucleus. DNA in chromosomes uses complex way to fold, and individual chromosomes occupies distinct locations in the nucleus and some of them prefer the periphery of the nuclear, while others like coming closer to the center. Chromosome that lies closer to one another can influence the functionality of the cells. Chromatin is very complex and consists of DNA and Proteins. If laid in a straight line, nuclear DNA in bodies of human beings would be enough to stretch from sun to earth and vice versa 100 times. Research has also shown that chromosome arrangement is not stationary; it changes during disease and development. When a gene is needed, relevant DNA loops away from other chromosomes, and becomes fully activated. Sometimes transcription factors in gene on chromosome can help to activate nearby chromosome. Furthermore, these Chromosomes are arranged in different cells, differently and the arrangement changes at the time of development. Its locations plays central role in cancer and knowing the location of chromosomes in the nucleus gives an opportunity for the detection of the cancer (Misteli 66-73). Blood transfusion has been found to be very important procedure during medical conditions, and also, tissue transplant can be done successfully from animal to animal and from one part of the body to

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Without topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Without topic - Essay Example type of a fallacy is highly common among politicians who, rather than commenting on the issue at hand, try to blame the other party in order to create hype especially among the media. This successfully distracts the opponent as well as the audience and media from the question or issue at hand. These personal comments might even affect a voter`s opinion about the opponent`s political position. One recent example of this fallacy is when President Obama, during his speech, said that â€Å"Gov. Romney "would ask the middle class to pay more in taxes to give another $250,000 tax cut to people making more than $3 million a year. Its like Robin Hood in reverse. Its Romney Hood" (Scott Neuman, Web). It is clear that President Obama is trying to discredit this opponent Gov. Romney by saying that he would introduce such a system in which the people belonging to the middle class would be taxed higher and people who are rich would benefit. This statement might turn the middle class people against Gov. Romney. As a response to this statement, Gov Romney said that, â€Å""Weve been watching the president say a lot of things about me and my policies, and theyre just not right. And if I were to coin a term, it would be Obamaloney† (Scott Neuman, Web). This is a clear example of an Ad Hominem fallacy as both the opponents are trying to damage the reputation of each other in order to gather high voted from the public. They tried to comment on the policies and even gave each other names like Romney hood and Obamaloney. Analysis of Argumentum Ad Logicam is a type of fallacy in which a person creates a disagreeable argument before disclosing the actual argument as it is easier to defeat the real case. It is also known as a straw man fallacy as a person creates a sketch of the opponent in his mind (straw man) in order to counter the opponent`s argument. An example of this fallacy is president Obama`s recent statement against Gov. Romney in which he says that, â€Å" "Were certainly not

Monday, September 23, 2019

Assessments instead of online discussions and seminar Essay

Assessments instead of online discussions and seminar - Essay Example The purpose of an industry analysis is to assist an industry’s management to create and maintain a competitive advantage that helps a company to prosper in the market. Industry analysis needs to understand the structure of an industry and its attractiveness because it determines the profitability of a business (Hill and Jones, 2010:41). The level of industry profitability is not random but it rather has a systematic influence of the Industry’s structure, which eventually determines the entry and exit barrier. This paper will analyze the industry analysis applied to different industries in European markets (1) - Industry Analysis Analysis of five forces using UK Airline industry as our case study Porter arguers that there are five forces that determines an industry’s competitiveness that may change over time as the industry conditions change. These forces are entry threats, rivalry from existing competitors, threat of substitution, bargaining power of suppliers an d the bargaining power of buyers (Porter, 2008:6). This paper will outline the five forces that the European airline industry put into practice. Competitive rivalry (European airline industry) Competitive rivalry will be the first force to analyze. The purpose of competitive rivalry is to assess the rate of competition within an industry (Porter, 2008:29). Airline industry’s is among the prominent industries globally that exist in an intensive competitive market. In Europe, the top three airlines are Air France, Lufthansa, KLM and British Airways. These airline companies compete against each other for the same customers through prices, technology, in-flight entertainment customer service and other services (Rothkopf, 2009:213). Entrants’ threat New entrants invade the existing market and bring competition and changes in the market environment. The cause of new entrants is the profitability in certain industries, which in turn attracts other businesses who intend to joi n the industry (Porter, 2008:7). European air industry has improved tremendously which has led to attraction to new entrants; however, the cost of entry is becoming higher. The required capital for an airline entering the industry is quite expensive. Competitive substitute The products and services provided in a particular industry usually have the same substitutes elsewhere. This substitute products and services pose a threat because they limit the ability of a firm and their prices (Porter, 2008:25). In our case, the main substitutes that offer other forms of transport are road, rail and marine. The distances between European destinations are relatively small, and people prefer other transport services. More so, the substitute means of transport tend to be cheaper than air transport. Additionally, environmental factors affect air travel because customers tend to see the environmental impacts of air travel as crucial disadvantage. These factors pose threats to the British airways i n the business market. Supplier bargaining power Bargaining power is the ability to influence setting of prices because it assesses the ease of suppliers to hike prices (Porter, 2008:26). Suppliers can influence the profitability of a firm by exerting pressure for both higher and lower prices. The airline industry have little control over the rising fuel prices because there is no alternative source of fuel so far hence leading to the strength of supplier power (Porter,

Sunday, September 22, 2019

The Stele of Hammurabi Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Stele of Hammurabi - Essay Example It is evident from the study that the Stele of Hammurabi made by the Babylonians is comparable to a constitution, which acts as supreme document that states how a country is governed. As a constitution is printed and copies handed to the public to familiarize with the provisions therein, he made the sculpture and set it at a public place so that everyone could see. This means that if you go against the law, then it is out of ignorance, and therefore deserves punishment. The engravers did not anticipate the artistic value of the sculpture content, their minds were fixated on the functional aspect of the writings therein, Stele analysis ended on the content of the law stated. It was not set in the open as a statue or symbol representing individuals or objects, but was placed openly so the public can read it and internalize the laws. In the excerpt from The Philosophy of Art History by Arnold Hauser, the window is given two values; first, it is an opening that connects the person inside an enclosure to the outside environment. Others people will look at it and appreciate the artistic value it expresses, from the pane design, types of glasses used, and quality of work employed in the frame. Artwork then acts as an intermediary between persons and experiences, which differ in kind and intensity. The transparent window acts as an opening to the rest of the world, artists can then continue staring at windows when appreciating its designs, but their true function remains giving an outside view. Babylonians used the Stele of Hammurabi as a template for engraving judgements, in the present time; a constitution is typed in a computer and printed. They then use different designs of paper and ink to give it the official look. The sculpture was not appreciated artistically, they could not notice the fine Hammurabi carvings, and the well arranged engraved law statements. The context of Stele of Hammurabi The setting in time was 18th Century BC, during King Hammurabi’s 42 year rule of Babylon. Soon after getting into power, he consolidated his army and took them to battle with neighbouring rival forces. He stretched Babylonian borders from Tigris, to Persian Gulf in the south. He was also credited with introducing order to commercial transactions for example, law of contracts which protected the rights of both parties when they enter into a contract of any form. The Code of Hammurabi was

Saturday, September 21, 2019

The Man Who Walked Between the Towers Essay Example for Free

The Man Who Walked Between the Towers Essay Mordicai Gerstein was born November 24, 1935 in Los Angeles. He attended the Chouinard Institute of Art before moving to New York City where he lived and worked for twenty-five years making animated films for television. He tells on his official website, that he never thought to be something else but a painter, when he grows up (http://www. mordicaigerstein. com). To support his family, he designed and directed animated television commercials. In the mid 1960s he made some films of his own until 1970, when he met Elizabeth Levy, who asked him to illustrate for a children’s book she has written. Encouraged by her and other editors, he started to write his own books in 1980s. In 2004, he received the Caldecott medal for his book â€Å"The Man Who Walked Between the Towers. † Besides the Caldecott medal, he received numerous awards such as AJLA SidneyTaylor Award in 2005, Hornbook Award in 2004 and was chosen as the gold award winner of parents’ choice in 2002. His works include among others Sholom’s Treasure, What Charlie Heard, The Wild Boy, The Mountains of Tibet and many more. Mordicai Gerstein is also a painter, sculptor, and prize-winning designer and director of animated films. Mordicai Gerstein lives in western Massachusetts with his wife, Susan Yard Harris, who is also an illustrator, and their daughter, Risa (http://www. mordicaigerstein. com). The Man Who Walked Between the Towers Narrative Consideration In 2003, Roaring Brook Press published Gerstein’s children’s book â€Å"The Man Who Walked Between the Towers. this story opens, French aerialist Philippe Petit is dancing across a tightrope tied between two trees to the delight of the passersby in Lower Manhattan. Gerstein places him in the middle of a balancing act, framed by the two unfinished World Trade Center towers when the idea hits: He looked not at the towers, but at the space between them and thought, what a wonderful place to stretch a rope† (Gerstein, 2004, p. 4). The rising action takes place when Petit knew that the police and the owners of the towers would never allow him walk across the two towers. So he and his friends disguised as construction workers, carried a 440 pound reel of cable and other equipment on an August evening, causing the conflict in this story. After carrying everything up to the roof, Petit and his friends tied the line to an arrow and shot it from one tower to the other and tightened it. After the dawn he started to walk on the wire and the story has reached its climax. He was arrested and was sentenced to â€Å"perform in the park for the children of the city† (Gerstein, 2004, p. 25). This story ends with the picture of the World Trade Center which is long gone now. Based on the narratives, this book contains characteristics of a good plot since it includes â€Å"a beginning, a middle, and an end. The beginning should quickly engage the reader’s interest (†¦) established by using characters and a conflict that the reader can relate to and care about. The conflict should grab the attention of the reader and create a desire to find out what happens† (Sawyer, 2012, p. 84). Gerstein’s story definitely encompasses this concept. The main character, Philip Petit is captivating and fascinating. His courage and stubbornness can be detected throughout the story. Sawyer (2012) mentions in his textbook that â€Å"a good author will let the reader know the personality and motivation of the character through the character’s thoughts, words, actions, language, and expressions (†¦) the character may change and grow, but the basic portrayal must remain intact† (p. 78-79). Petit’s character certainly remains consistent throughout the story and provides the reader with the feeling of intensity and even personal closeness to Petit himself, while following his actions closely. Interestingly, this mesmerizing story has a real hidden theme which is the 9/11. Using Petit’s character as the medium, Gerstein addresses the effect of the tragedy happened ten years ago. This enables the story to evoke different emotions in readers and offers the opportunities to tackle different topics depending on the level of understanding and maturity of a child. Art Consideration â€Å"In picture books, the illustrations play a key role in conveying the message of the story† (Sawyer, 2012, p. 93). This can be seen in this book. The story is masterfully illustrated using pen and oil colors. Gerstein’s drawing is dramatic and even reckless. This is especially suitable for this story as the plot itself is full of suspense. As the conflict arises and is reaching its climax, the pacing of sentences decreases and eventually becomes a single sentence in order to draw the attention from the readers to the illustration and to increase the expectancy. In its climax, the text completely disappears and a small, framed close-up of Petits foot on the wire yields to two three-page foldouts of the walk. One captures his progress from above, the other from the perspective of a pedestrian. Even though the text is not placed consistently on the same line, they are simple and short enough to follow and are always synchronized with the pictures. The illustration is mesmerizing in its color which matches to the different mood as the events take place chronologically. â€Å"The final scene depicts transparent, cloud-filled skyscrapers, a man in their midst. With its graceful majesty and mythic overtones, this unique and uplifting book is at once a portrait of a larger-than-life individual and a memorial to the towers and the lives associated with them† (www. amazon. com). Overall analysis After reading this book, I had mixed feelings. First of all, I strongly feel that this targets readers at the age seven and above. The reason is first of all the theme which addresses the 9/11. It is a tricky and difficult topic for children to understand as any tragedy can be. Second reason is the moral of the story. Even though the Caldecott award does not necessarily focuses on the moral or any educational intentions, I did not agree with Petit’s actions. After reading the book, I automatically assumed that the story encouraged the reader to follow any goal they have whether it is ethical or not. The main character even gets away with his rule-breaking action without any punitive consequences. It is clear that his action is an admiration for his profound commitment to his own â€Å"mission† and his willingness not to limit his life according to the constraints set up by society. However, this book not only depicts but even seemingly glorifies deceits and it can be alarming for authoritative figures such as us future teachers. One can argue that it is inspiring to observe someone having such tremendous control of their body and mind with determination. Nonetheless, the way this book comes across can be defiant of authority especially of the police, given that there were many policemen who came to serve alongside the firemen during/after 9/11. Perhaps this book will be a good tool to discuss these issues. In conclusion, despite my disagreement with the moral of the story, I have to give props to the author/illustrator for his skilled and entrancing story and drawings. It is, without doubt, a very interesting story and something that can be conferred in depth. In this regard, I think this book does deserve the Caldecott medal. Although I did not think this book was suitable to read to my children, if used wisely by knowing their level of maturity and understanding, this book can be utilized effectively to help them think for themselves. In his acceptance speech in 2004, Gerstein emphasized this by saying â€Å"children do need adults; I think it’s children that make us become the adults they need. We must give them love and nourishment and books, which, as we know, are part of a healthy diet. My intention in all my books is to give children just what I want to give everyone: something beautiful, magical, funny, and soulful: something that provokes good questions: questions about what an incomprehensible, beautiful and seemingly impossible thing it is to be a human being in this incomprehensible, beautiful and seemingly impossible world. What could be more difficult and more wonderful? † (http://www. mordicaigerstein. com) I hope that he follows through with this philosophy and continues to create children’s book based on this regard.

Friday, September 20, 2019

Wit by Margaret Edson Analysis

Wit by Margaret Edson Analysis In the play Wit by Margaret Edson, the relationships between the doctors are in need of examination. Dr. Harvey Kelekian, and Jason Posner, is morally viewed characters because of their discussions with the patient. Furthermore, the death of Vivian Bearing in the play Wit by Margaret Edson plays a role by teaching Vivian how to use compassion. In which, she could than die in more of a peaceful manner. The doctors help Vivian fight the battle against ovarian cancer and ultimately revealing that kindness is a simple reward of action (Edson, 2012). However, the lack of compassion that Vivian receives from the doctors reveals that she is like all humans, who long for kindness. Dr. Jason forgot his bedside manners in a clinical manner showing how he feels for Vivian (Edson, 2012). Dr. Jason would not properly greet Vivian during her examination process for the treatment of ovarian cancer and left her stomach uncovered, she was not properly diagnosed with ovarian cancer, which left her unstablized. Vivian felt that there is no respect for her, she is sarcastic towards Dr. Jason and makes comments towards Dr. Jason because he does not show some consideration for her. Vivian rejects Susie the nurse, who is kind to her and eventually becomes appreciative of the kindness that the nurse shows her during her stay in the hospital for chemotherapy; the nurse cares for Vivians wellbeing and cares for her physically. Furthermore, the nurse does whatever she can to make Vivians stay in the hospital comfortable. Vivians nurse has every intent to be straightforward with her and her disapproval of her doctors choices. Due to honesty and respect, Vivian befriended Susie and the only person in the entire play she let close to her. With phrases such as I wanted her to come and see me (Edson, p. 64). The play takes place during the final hours of Dr. Vivian Bearing, a university professor of English, dying of ovarian cancer. Vivian recalls the initial diagnosis of stage 1V metastatic ovarian cancer from her oncologist Dr. Harvey Kelekian. The doctor than proposes an experimental chemotherapeutic treatment regimen consisting of eight rounds at full dosage (Edson, 2012). Over the course of the play, Vivian reflects on her life through the intricacies of the english language, especially the use of Wit in the metaphysical poetry of John Donne. Throughout the play, she recites Donnes Holy Sonnet X, Death be not proud, while reflecting upon her condition (Wilson, 2004). Vivian has lived her life alone, is unmarried and without children, her parents are deceased and she has no emergency contacts (Edson, 2012). Margaret Edson is about a woman dealing with her lifes issues with an uncommon approach. Edson got the idea for the plot after many hours of volunteering at a hospital (Wilson, 2009). Instead of being gloomy and negative which lead Vivians remains witty and tough during her struggle with different stages of ovarian cancer. Throughout her life, Vivian and those around her have been an active part of student mentor relationships with someone retaining to Vivians condition. Whether it was personality or behavioral changes, a change in life direction, at least one person involved in each relationship underwent a transformation (Wilson, 2009). The power and result of these relationships, serving as fundamental themes in playwrights formed one or both participants and their future goals at the times the relationships were occurring. Vivian also tried to thoroughly illustrate her point and eventually gave up trying to understand, but unconsciously comprehended her viewpoints. The important information she utilized throughout her life because of this conversation and relationship was how to better understand John Donnes pieces, allowing her to expertly teach his work (Cite). She was also able to discover the differences between different effects on his sonnets and even herself. A valuable relationship not experienced with her treatment was between Dr. Jason Posner. Vivians primary doctor Dr. Harvey Kelekian, Jason worked directly under him and always listened to his mentor and showed off what he learned in front of him. Addressing Kelekian the quizzes than regarding Vivians medicine options with the question ok, problem areas with Hex and Vin (Edson, 2012). Dr. Kelekian had pushed Jason to learn as much as he can, while also doing something beneficial to medicine. Dr. Jason was working on a research project and constructed on Vivian and the dedication to Dr. Kelekian, which his job was so strong that Jason did not realize how impersonal he was to his patient. Both doctors want to keep Vivian alive and didnt always take their individual desires and feelings into account when directly interacting with them. The play gives a visual context in comparison to the book, in which describes her as intellectual and challenged person. Thus, Vivian becomes emotional during the chemotherapy treatment. Additionally, Vivian has a Ph.D., and is a renowned professor of English who has spent years studying and teaching the brilliant, yet difficult metaphysical sonnets of John Donne. When Vivian was diagnosed with terminal ovarian cancer, her approach to the study has been aggressively getting worse. Comparison, of the book illustrates how the course of her illness could make a change in her life. In addition, her time at the hospital is as a prize patient at a major teaching hospital, Vivian comes to review her life and her work with a profound humor that are transformative both for her and for the audience. Thus, Vivian Bearing walks on the empty stage during the play, pushing her IV pole. She is fifty, tall and very thin, bare foot, and completely bald (Edson. p.7). Vivian describes herself in detail that she is dying and her ovarian cancer is progressively getting worse. Furthermore, she speaks with Dr. Kelekian and explains that the doctors are developing an experimental combination of drugs to help cure Vivians ovarian cancer, which is also a stage three that is moving into stage four. Thus, Dr. Kelekian then describes to Vivian that she must be very tough (Edson, p.12). Furthermore, the doctor stated that there are side effects and the treatment of chemotherapy would be good for her. The doctor than stated that she also has stage three and four metastatic ovarian cancers and there is no stage five. Furthermore, it appears to be a matter as the saying goes of life and death (Edson, p.13). Thus, Death be not proud, though some have called thee mighty and dreadful, for, thou art not so (Edson, p. 13). Vivian than explains that she is in isolation because she is being treated for cancer and her treatment imperils her health (Edson, p.39). Vivian also states that John Donne would revel in it, if he wrote a poem about it. She also stated that her students would flounder in it, because paradox is too difficult to understand (Edson, p.39). Every ambiguity, every shifting awareness could draw so much from the play. Now at the height of her powers, she grandly disconnects herself from the IV (Edson, p.40). Technicians remove the bed and hand her a pointer; The poetry of the early seventeenth century. What has been called the metaphysical school, considers an intractable mental puzzle by exercising the outstanding human faculty of the era, namely wit (Edson, p.40). The greatest Wit, the greatest English poet, some would say was John Donne. In the Holy Sonnets, Donne applied his capacious, agile Wit to the larger aspects of the human experience: life, death, and God (Edson, p.40). Susie than explains that the doctors like to save lives. Therefore, anything is okay, as long as life continues. It does not matter if you are hooked up to a million machines. Kelekian is a great researcher and everything like Jason has honor and wants to know more things. Susie than states that she can be full code, which means that if your heart stops, theyll call a Code Blue and the code team will come and resuscitate you and take you to Intensive Care until you stabilize again (Edson, 2012). Alternatively, you can be Do Not Resuscitate, so if your heart stops we will just let it; you will be DNR. You can think about it, but I wanted to present both choices before Kelekian and Jason talk to you (Edson, p.54). E.M. Ashford stated to Miss Bearing that you take this to lightly. Moreover, this is a metaphysical poetry, not the modern novel. In addition, The standards of scholarship and critical reading, which would apply to any other text, are simply enough for Vivian (Edson, 2012). Thus, the effort will total the results in a meaningful way of the sonnet, begins with a valiant struggle with death calling on all the forces of intellect, and vanquish the enemy (Edson, 2012). Additionally, it is ultimately about overcoming the seemingly in separable barriers separating life, death, and eternal life. At that moment, Vivian explains her death as a metaphysical conceit. Furthermore, Vivians former undergraduate student, Jason is trying casually to understand Vivian undergoing chemotherapy. Therefore, Vivian Bearing, the main character from Margaret Edsons play Wit is not like those other teachers. She is tough and nonetheless does not care about her students and their many struggles (Wilson, 2004).Thus, Her only passion is for 17th century poetry, particularly the complex sonnets of John Donne (Edson, 2012). In some parts of the play, Dr. Kelekian seems sympathetic towards Vivian leading readers to believe that he is a morally sound character. However, at some points in the play Dr. Kelekian seems to discuss Vivian as a parent asking their child to handle an adult issue (Edson, 2012). Furthermore, the doctor knows how much pain she is going through, which Vivian will be in pain during the Hex and Vin treatments. Making sure that Vivian is trying to recognize the side effects of the treatment. In question, Dr. Kelekian invites knowledge to Vivian making her feel important, although the two doctors are completely different in subjects of doctorates, while Dr. Kelekian units himself as well as Vivian as educators showing his humanity towards her (Wilson, 2009). He is steadfast about Vivians chemotherapy treatment and does not consider Vivians opinions creating a wall between them. Moreover, as Vivian goes through series of tests and ways to treat her ovarian cancer, Vivian undergoes a series of tests and then knows the prognosis is not good. However, Vivian tries to overcome her fear of hospitalization to get better. Additionally she expresses her thoughts as being a teacher and scholar specializing in the holy sonnets of John Donne. Furthermore, Vivian tries to illuminate her achievements in the world of scholarship and show what happens to her as she receives treatment of aggressive chemotherapy for eight months. What Vivian is trying to perceive is the reality of her lifes experiences about how she will overcome the aggressive chemotherapy treatment. Thus, Vivian recalls her child hood with her father and takes a look back from her past of an counter with her graduate school professor, E.M. Ashford, after she decides that nothing will stop her from becoming a top-notch scholar (Edson, 2012). Furthermore, Jason tries to save Vivians life; in treating her cancer, Vivians chemotherapy weakens, the cancer starts to take full control of her body. The doctor is taking less and less notice of her, which she than relies on her nurse, who sees her suffering from the pain of her treatments. Furthermore, the nurse is kind to her and helps her decide, if she wants a DNR, which is do not resuscitate. Vivians enjoyment of Susies care and company, and affection were shown. Susies kindness also allowed Vivian to feel comfortable enough to finally open up about her real feelings of fear and confusion as she sorrowfully confided in her and said, I am scared (Edson, 2012). She than says how she do not feel sure of herself anymore, Vivian rests in peace with herself, as she dies. Thus, through the morally ambiguous character of Dr. Harvey Kelekian and Jason Posner, who tried to help Vivian to recognize the mistakes of the past and see that kindness is simple, nevertheless a powerful gesture (Edson, 2012). Vivian has strength and weaknesses that are exposed because of Susies own qualities, which helped her, emphasize how people are only capable of being who they are because of their experiences through their life. Vivian had educated, Susie had showed her some sense of weakness and she has been educated to the level it takes to be a nurse whereas, Vivian has gone beyond her own expectations. This shows that she has strength in knowledge of English literature and reveals the weakness of Susie being illiterate. Vivian than comes to terms and finally learns how to be compassionate on her last few months on earth due to her deathly illness and the way one person can affect another person. Though Vivian meets an unfortunate end in her life she than decides that the only resolution is peace. She exhibits her life and her final days to drive home a message of kindness and compassion, turning a sad ending to a happy conclusion. Margaret Edson utilizes Vivians flash backs not only to provide back ground of her life, but also provide evidence to her past actions and former passions. Leading to the audiences and understanding of her strive for knowledge and the lack of success without the human interaction to accompany her Wit. Vivian has viewpoints that the strength and the pride in her prestigious position, which maintained and would garner a fixed sense of fulfillment. She found that the simplicity of human kindness could have an impact greater than the answer she thought she had acquired from years of study. Life and death had beginnings and endings and people come in terms with the end of life, people make life more enjoyable and how they present their life. Work Cited: About.com Search Find it now!. About.com Search Find it now!. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Dec. 2012. Givhan, Jennifer. Crossing The Language Barrier: Coalescing The Mind / Body Split And Embracing Kristevas Semiotic In Margaret Edsons Wit. Women Language 32.1 (2009): 77. Biography Keaveney, Madeline M. Death Be Not Proud: An Analysis of Margaret Edsons Wit. Women Language 27.1 (2004): 40. Biography Reference Bank (H.W. Wilson). Web. 13 Dec. 2012 Kristevas Semiotic In Margaret Edsons Wit. Women Language 32.1 (2009): 77. Biography Reference Bank (H.W. Wilson). Web. 13 Dec. 2012 What are fundamental themes found in Margaret Edsons short-drama, Wit. YoExpert.com | Education | Theater. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2012.Education | Theater. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Dec.  2012. What are fundamental themes found in Margaret Edsons short-drama, Wit. YoExpert.com | Education | Theater. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Dec. 2012. What are fundamental themes found in Margaret Edsons short-drama, Wit.  YoExpert.com | Education | Theater. N.p., n.d. Web. 12  Dec.  2012.

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

Acid Rain :: Free Essay Writer

The Damaging Effects of Acid Rain Modern society is becoming overwhelmed with great amounts of pollution from cars, factories and an overabundance of garbage. The immense amounts of sulphur dioxide emitted into the air causes high levels of acid in the atmosphere. When this sulphuric acid is absorbed into moisture in the air, poignant rainfalls can be damaging to the external environment. Acid rain is destroying the world=s lakes, air and ecosystem. Acid rain is killing lakes and decreasing the number of inhabitants in these fresh water bodies. Acid rain causes an ample deduction in the pH levels in the water. At a neutral level the pH in water should be close to seven, yet in these acidic water bodies the pH levels can be as low as four. These pH levels of four contain more than ten percent acids than that of normal rain and one thousand times more acid than neutral water. Each decade the pH levels of lakes around Ontario have become ten times more acidic. The high acid levels cont ained in lakes also causes a decrease in the number of fish dwelling in these lakes. Also Aacid produces chemical changes in the blood of the fish, and their basic body metabolism is altered@ (Howard & Perley, 1980, p. 24), and can cause deformities in these inhabitants. They have twisted and arched backbones, flattened heads and strangely curved tails. In pH levels of four there is little left in the lakes besides rock bass, pumpkinseed and lake herring. Affected fish are also in danger of becoming sterile, which would put the species at risk of becoming extinct. As with sulphur dioxide in rain, mercury is also discharged into the water. There is a direct connection between the mercury rich lakes as there is with those with high acidic levels. This metal becomes concentrated in the blood and tissues of fish. Acid rain causes traumatic effects in natural lakes and rivers. Acid rain causes air quality to deteriorate. As in water, acid rain causes the pH levels in the air to decrease. The sulphur dioxide, which diffuses into the air, mixes with moisture causing the pH levels to drop from the normal level. Again, the normal level is somewhere around seven, yet in some acidic air masses the levels can be as low as three. These lowered pH levels form a photochemical smog in the atmosphere.

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

Servicescape for Hotel

Service and Customer Management Final Report â€Å"Little Woods† Submitted to: Dr. Mohan N J Monteiro Submitted by: Group 5 (Section-B) Jayakrishnan Nair N J (11023) Sourabh Rai (11053) Prasad Krishna (11094) Bhushan Atul Ashok (11131) Rishi Kumar Gandhi (11164) 1|Page â€Å"Final Report†, Group-5(Sec-B) Table of content: Introduction: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1 Positioning Services: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Competitive advantage through Market focus: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1 Developing an effective positioning strategy: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1 Market Analysis: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1 Internal Corporate Analysis: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1 Competitor Analysis: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 Ps of Service marketing for Little Woods: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2 Managing relationship and building loyalty: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 Consumer Behaviour: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 Pre-purchase stage: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 Service Encounter Stage: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Post Purchase Stage: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 Three parts of this script that â€Å"went smoothly† and conformed to our expectations:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 Three parts of this script that deviated from our expectations: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 7 The Servicescapes Model- An Integrative Framework: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 7 Internal Responses: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Environment and Cognition: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 Environment and Emotion: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8 Environment and psychology: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 Service Blueprint: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 9 Final Report†, Group-5(Sec-B) Introduction: Little Woods is one of the most popular restaurants on the Chamundi Hill road being visited by a number of people from Siddhartha Nagar and the nearby apartments. The various varieties of food items along with the lightening fast service makes it one of the most sought after restaurants in the vicinity. Positioning Services: Competitive advantage through Market focus: Market focussed strategy is one of the strategies where an organisation provides a variety of services in a limited market.When we put Little Woods on the positioning map, it comes around moderate service with moderate price. Developing an effective positioning strategy: Market Analysis: Location: The restaurant is strategically located on the main road which leads to the Chamundi Hills. It’s readily visible by anyone who travels on this road. The display boards on the road s ide also attract a lot of people to take note of the location of the restaurant. Composition: Little Woods has had a strong competitor named Pate Bharlo (now Cafe Hotel) which used to offer both vegetarian and non-vegetarian food.Generally it’s found that pure vegetarians do not prefer to eat in a restaurant which offers both vegetarian and non-vegetarian food items. So, it can be said that the target audience of Pate Bharlo was non-vegetarian people. Inspite of such a focussed target mark et, Pate Bharlo eventually had to wrap up its operations due to huge losses and lack of customer base. At the same time, Little Woods performed very well and its customer base kept on increasing. This shows that most of the people in the target market are vegetarians. The more a restaurant offers varieties, the more benefits a person derives.When someone sees another variety of an item in a particular category, he tends to order that item and thus derives more benefit. This happens in any category of food items. Hence, it ’s important to offer more and more variety of offerings in order to provide more benefits to the customers and retain them in the long run. Internal Corporate Analysis: One of the resource constraints of Little Woods is the space constraint. Little Woods has a limited space and hence it targets a limited segment on the basis of the geographic area in and around Siddhartha Nagar. |Page â€Å"Final Report†, Group-5(Sec-B) Competitor Analysis: The found ers of Little Woods have a vast experience dealing with this business. They have a couple of more restaurants in Mysore and this has helped them to know the tastes of the people and create harmonious relations with the vegetable vendors. Little Woods is a pure vegetarian restaurant. Hence, it has created a very much focussed market for itself where most of the people who are pure vegetarians are its customers. The other set of customers are the ones who eat both vegetarian and non-vegetarian items. Ps of Service marketing for Little Woods: Product: ? Core products of Little Woods are North-Indian food items, South-Indian food items, juices, ice-creams. Little Woods product includes vegetarian items ? Supplementary products include the parking facility, ambience, lighting, music etc which creates a wonderful and hassle-free experience for the customers. ? Quality level of the food is in par with many of the major restaurants ? Product line includes South Indian, North Indian, Beverag es and snacks ? Parcel facilities are available with home delivery services provided Price: They provide flexibility; certain dishes are available in North Indian and South Indian tastes ? Price level of all the dishes are quite affordable ? They provide certain allowances for regular customers as well as students of institutes nearby to attract them Place: ? It is on the way to Chamundi which is tourist destination thereby trying to attract devotees and other tourists ? It is a single outlet restaurant ? Since the restaurant is located in a main road it is easily accessible to general public ? It has a good parking space which makes the place suitable for travellers Promotion: Word of mouth publicity is one of the most effective methods of marketing and this is the reason why it is viewed positively by the people ? The roadside boards on Chamundi Hill road and a big banner in the Siddhartha Nagar circle are the other promotional aspects used by Little Woods People: ? Little Woods p rovides on the job training to the new employees where they are taught the intricacies of the work to be done. 2|Page â€Å"Final Report†, Group-5(Sec-B) ? ? ? Employees patiently hear any grievances by the people and get it rectified as soon as possible in order to give the best possible service to the customers.They are fluent in Kannada and Hindi but they do not understand English Most of the Customers are those people who live nearby and devotees/ travellers to Chamundi Hill. The students from nearby institute also goes there Process: ? Level of customer involvement is very low as they do not provide adequate training to employees ? Flow of activities include Home delivery service, parcel provisions, serving in restaurant, also a provision to provide food in customer’s vehicles Physical Evidence: ? They have employee dress code but it is rarely followed ? They have 2 floors with closed space and an open area They provide good ambience but they do not have separate air conditioned area ? They play music in the restaurant which is melodious Managing relationship and building loyalty: Little Woods offers 10% discount on the final bill for the SDMIMD students. However this is given only when the amount exceeds Rs 200. This is offered to the other regular customers too. Consumer Behaviour: Pre-purchase stage: We have already visited Little Woods a number of times since the last one year and are familiar with the quality of the food served over there. Most of the Wednesdays when the mess remains off, we usually go there to have a sumptuous dinner.Even this time, expecting a very delicious food, we visited this restaurant which has become one of the most popular restaurants to visit among the student community in SDMIMD. The most important factors to visit it by us are the proximity to our college; and the appetizing taste as well as the wide variety of food available over there. Service Encounter Stage: Customer 1. Form a group of 6 friends and arr ive in the hotel 3|Page Waiter Chef Cashier â€Å"Final Report†, Group-5(Sec-B) 2. See if there is a table for 6. If not, then we ourselves pull some chairs and tables to make sure that everyone can at together 3. Waiter comes with a glasses of water and a menu card 4. We discuss the items to be ordered ourselves 5. We call the waiter to place an order 6. Waiter arrived and took the order in his notebook 7. Waiter goes to the kitchen and communicates the order to the chef 8. Waited for 10 minutes after which we call the waiter to ask him how much more time will it take. 9. He tells us 15 minutes more, hearing which we order cold drinks. 10. He gets the cold drinks in 5 minutes. 11. After 10 minutes, the chef hands over our order to the waiter in a tray. 12. The waiter gets the ood for everyone to devour. 4|Page â€Å"Final Report†, Group-5(Sec-B) 13. We find out that the waiter has actually brought Chilli Paneer Dry instead of Chilli Paneer Curry and Veg Hyderabadi ins tead of Paneer Hyderabadi. 14. We straightaway notify the waiter about the issue and ask him to take away the items which we didn't order and ask him how much more time will it take to get the items which we had previously ordered. He tells us that we have to wait for 10 more minutes. 15. We start eating whatever items we have on the table and notice that we do not have onions, which are usually omplementary for SDM students. We call the waiter. 16. We ask for the onions, which he promptly arrives with within 2 minutes. 17. 10 minutes had already passed and our 2 items had not yet arrived. We called the waiter again. 18. The waiter told us that we had to wait for 5 more minutes and apologised for the delay when he saw us getting irritated with the delay. 5|Page â€Å"Final Report†, Group-5(Sec-B) 19. The items surprisingly arrived within the next 2 minutes and we ate the delicious spicy food which we had been waiting for so long. 20. We ask the waiter for the bill. 21. The wa iter goes to the ashier to get the bill. 22. We find out that the items which we had been mistakenly given previously had also been billed and the customary discount given to the SDM students was also not included. 23. We ourselves go to the cashier and tell him the issues, which he addresses promptly. 24. We pay the bill and leave the restaurant. Post Purchase Stage: Three parts of this script that â€Å"went smoothly† and conformed to our expectations: Taste: The taste definitely conformed to our pre-purchase expectations. We had visited ‘Little Woods’ a number of times before and had already developed a taste for it.The taste of the food items has always been up to great standards and we have never had any deviations in the taste every time. Ambience: The ambience of the restaurant is one of the best in this area. The colour scheme on the wall blends with the architecture very beautiful. Soft music is played in the background which gives us a very good feeling while eating the food. 6|Page â€Å"Final Report†, Group-5(Sec-B) Manager/Cashier Behaviour: The manager was very kind and listened to our problems and straightaway corrected the bill without asking the waiter for any kind of confirmation.He trusted us and solved the issue in a jiffy. Three parts of this script that deviated from our expectations: Table and Chair Arrangements: We were highly disappointed that we ourselves had to arrange the tables and chairs so that all the 6 of us can sit together. Even the waiters did not help us. They were just carrying out their usual work without even asking us if we needed any kind of help. No timely Delivery: We were told initially that the food will arrive in 10 minutes. But in reality, it took almost 25 minutes for us to see the dishes on our tables. Communication:We sincerely feel that there existed a big gap in the communication between the different parties involved. The order which we had given was not communicated correctly wit h the chef by the waiter. The waiter also had not communicated well with the cashier, which is definitely the reason for the discrepancies in the bill. The Servicescapes Model- An Integrative Framework: We know that employees and customers in service firms respond to dimensions of their physical surroundings cognitively, emotionally and physiologically, and that those responses are what influence their behaviours in the environment.Internal Responses: ? ? ? Cognitive – knowledge structure Affective – feelings & emotions Physiological- changes in Environment and Cognition: The perceived servicescape may elicit cognitive responses influencing people’s beliefs about a place and their beliefs about the people and products found in that place. Belief: In little woods , particular environment cues such as the type of furniture in the restaurant, ambience of the restaurant, lighting of the restaurant may influence customer belief’s about little woods and then cu stomer tries to predict the quality and price of the food. |Page â€Å"Final Report†, Group-5(Sec-B) Categorize: Categorization is the process, by which we assign a label to an object; perceptions of the servicescape may simply help people to distinguishing a firm by influencing a firm how it is categorized. In the resturant industry a particular configuration of environmental cues suggests that â€Å"fast food† where generally self service system is there whereas another configuration suggests â€Å"elegant sit down restaurant† where you can order for the food.In little woods we have second type of configuration in which pepole come, sit and take food. Environment and Emotion: In addition to influencing cognitions, the perceived servicescape may elicit emotional responses that in turn influence behaviours. Emotion eliciting qualities of environments are captured by two dimensions: pleasure and displeasure and degree of arousal. For example, environments that el icit feelings of pleasure are likely to be ones where people want to spend money and time, whereas unpleasant environments are avoided.In little woods we have seen that people are ready to spent money and time for the service they have in restaurant. Environment and psychology: The perceived servicescape may also affect people in purely physiological ways. In a particular restaurant noise that is too loud may cause physical discomfort, the temperature of a room may cause people to shiver or perspire, the air quality may make it difficult to breathe, and the glare of lighting may decrease ability to see and cause physical pain.All of those physical responses may in turn directly influence whether or not people stay in and enjoy a particular environment. In little woods we have seen that physical discomfort is not there. Relative comfort of sitting in a restaurant influences how long people stay. When they become uncomfortable sitting on a hard surface in a fast food restaurant, most people leave within a predictable period of time. In little woods we have seen that sitting arrangements are very good. The floor of restaurant is also is very good.In addition to directly affecting behaviour, physiological responses may influence seemingly unrelated beliefs and feelings about the place and the people there. 8|Page â€Å"Final Report†, Group-5(Sec-B) Service Blueprint: Physical Evidence Arrive at the restaurant Parking area Enter the restaurant Go to the table Dining area Go through the menu Place the order Receive food Eat Receive and pay bill Leave the restaurant Customer Line of interaction _________________________________________________________________________ C o n t a c t P e r s o n Onstage) Greeted by the waiter Shown the table by the waiter Provide menu Take order Serve beverrages Serve meal Clear dishes and trash Collect payment and return receipt Line of visibility ——————————â €”——————————————————————————(Backstage) Check table availability Place order in kitchen Pick up order Process payment Line of internal interaction ___________________________________________________________________________ Support Processes 9|Page Prepare meal Inform waiter Final Report†, Group-5(Sec-B) Service Blueprint: is a technique used for service innovation. Service blueprint consists of 5 components: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) Customer Actions Onstage / Visible Contact Employee Actions Backstage / Invisible Contact Employee Actions Support Processes Physical Evidence 1) The customer actions include: o Entering into the restaurant o Go to the table o Review the menu o Place order o Receive food o Eat o Pay cash/cheque o Receive change o Leave the restaurant 2) The onstage employee actions include: ? Greet customer ? Show customer to table

Monday, September 16, 2019

China’s Trade Disputes

China's Trade Disputes Disputes over protection of Intellectual Property Complainant: United States Respondent: China Before China Joined the GATE (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) in 1986, it was a planned economy. What that does mean? It means that the government was in charge of the production, investment and prices. In other words, the government was in charge of running the economy. By that time, China almost had no international commerce but only with socialist countries such as the former USSR and Yugoslavia.It was not until 1992, that China began to lower its tariffs. As a result of that, China began to grow steadily and in 2001 China Joined the WTFO (World Trade Organization). According to Professor David W. Conklin and Danville Caddied (China's Trade Disputes, Richard Vive School of Business, The University of Western Ontario, 2009) China had a 42. 9% tariff rate in 1992; 16. 6% in 2001 and since then it has been around 9. 8%. These figures show how China the decreas ed its tariff rates since 1992 to the present.According to the WTFO (World Trade Organization), the average Chinese tariff rate in 2011 was 9. 6%. 1 China Joining the WATT had its own percussions; on one hand, it was a new market with a rapidly growing population, which was attractive for many international investors. On the other hand, China's export increased extremely fast, this rapid growth affected many industries in advanced economies. What is the reason behind this outcome? There were several issues regarding China's commerce policies that caused a stream of trade disputes between China and other economies.In spite of having the Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), many Chinese producers were accused of racy and counterfeiting. The purpose of the Trips was to provide protection in the wide area of intellectual property. However, that was not the case in China; even though, the Chinese government based its Intellectual Property Rights on U. S. And EX. countries, they were not applying those policies effectively.Counterfeiting and piracy in China were estimated to be around 15% to of all the products made in the local market. These type of illegal activities composed 8% of China's GAP. 5 The main issue regarding Intellectual Property is the fact that for most developing countries, he easiest way to achieve competitiveness is through counterfeiting successful products and by copying business practices. Why is this a major problem? The answer is simple; these developing economies have as their competitive advantage: low wage rates.If they copy a product and produce it with those low salaries, they are able to sell it with a price lower than the original one. There is no doubt that these type of products are going to steal market share from the companies that originally produced them affecting not only those companies but also the economies that purport them. The main purpose of International laws that protect Intellectual Property is not only to secure fair business but also to keep Jobs in the domestic market not to offshore all those Jobs to other foreign countries.We know that weak PR polices and lesser penalties are factors that allow the spread of counterfeiting and piracy within an economy. Furthermore, a deficient legal system can be a cause of this too. However, according to John Lehman, this issue might be caused by a different factor: he said that Intellectual Property was not part of the â€Å"Traditional† Chinese legal code. He concludes that the main problem about Intellectual property in China is not caused by a deficient legal system nor economy but from intellectual and cultural factors. After the creation of the WIPE (World Intellectual Property Organization) in 1970, the WTFO functioned as a forum for the negotiation of international policies on major issues. However, violations concerning PR (Intellectual Property Rights) proved to be extremely difficult to handle. Especially with te chnological products that use to have very short product cycles. Overall, with all the genealogical advances, it was really hard to create an accurate legislation to address all of these new type of problems.There is a thin line between counterfeiting and using the product as a base to improve it, issues like that were a headache for the WTFO. On April 2007, the United States demanded a consultation with China relating to the protection of PR in China. The matters that were discussed during this series of consultations were: the lack of an efficient criminal procedure and set of penalties for commercial piracy, the prohibition to let counterfeited products to be released onto foreign markets and the boundaries in which a copyright piracy consists in of an unauthorized copying. The panel concluded that, to the extent that the Copyright Law and the Customs measures as such are inconsistent with the TRIPS Agreement, they nullify or impair benefits accruing to the United States under th at Agreement, and recommended that China bring the Copyright Law and the Customs measures into conformity with its obligations under the TRIPS Agreement†. 8 On April 2010, China and U. S. Informed the Dispute Settlement Body (ADS) that the agreed procedures were effectively in progress. Opinion: The protection of PR is one of the most important things for developed countries.I agree that counterfeiting and piracy should be severely punished. However, in this case I found an interesting opinion: â€Å"Why should these countries honor the property ownership of other when their own manufacturers could create Jobs and nurture domestic prosperity through piracy and counterfeiting? † This is obviously the other side of the coin it involves a social issue. But I think that copying (not counterfeiting not piracy) can be useful sometimes. I remember reading that after WI, Japan sent several of this workers to work in U. S. In order to get the American know-how.What they did was not counterfeiting because they didn't copy the products but they used the models as their base in order to improve it. That's an interesting idea, especially for developing economies. Recently I watched a documentary about the race between China and India. The main difference between both economies was that India was using innovation in order to grow; on the other hand, China was relying more on copying products than innovating. The same documentary showed that in the present counterfeiting laws are stronger in China but it is still an issue. China’s Trade Disputes China's Trade Disputes Disputes over protection of Intellectual Property Complainant: United States Respondent: China Before China Joined the GAIT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) in 1986, it was a planned economy. What that does mean? It means that the government was in charge of the production, investment and prices. In other words, the government was in charge of running the economy. By that time, China almost had no international commerce but only with socialist countries such as the former USSR and Yugoslavia.It was not until 1992, that China began to lower its tariffs. As a result of that, China began to grow steadily and in 2001 China Joined the WTFO (World Trade Organization). According to Professor David W. Conklin and Danville Caddied (China's Trade Disputes, Richard Vive School of Business, The University of Western Ontario, 2009) China had a 42. 9% tariff rate in 1992; 16. 6% in 2001 and since then it has been around 9. 8%. These figures show how China the decreas ed its tariff rates since 1992 to the present.According to the WTFO (World Trade Organization), the average Chinese tariff rate in 2011 was 9. 6%. 1 China Joining the WATT had its own percussions; on one hand, it was a new market with a rapidly growing population, which was attractive for many international investors. On the other hand, China's export increased extremely fast, this rapid growth affected many industries in advanced economies. What is the reason behind this outcome? There were several issues regarding China's commerce policies that caused a stream of trade disputes between China and other economies.In spite of having the Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), many Chinese producers were accused of racy and counterfeiting. The purpose of the Trips was to provide protection in the wide area of intellectual property. However, that was not the case in China; even though, the Chinese government based its Intellectual Property Rights on U. S. And EX. countries, they were not applying those policies effectively.Counterfeiting and piracy in China were estimated to be around 15% to of all the products made in the local market. These type of illegal activities composed 8% of China's GAP. 5 The main issue regarding Intellectual Property is the fact that for most developing countries, he easiest way to achieve competitiveness is through counterfeiting successful products and by copying business practices. Why is this a major problem? The answer is simple; these developing economies have as their competitive advantage: low wage rates.If they copy a product and produce it with those low salaries, they are able to sell it with a price lower than the original one. There is no doubt that these type of products are going to steal market share from the companies that originally produced them affecting not only those companies but also the economies that purport them. The main purpose of International laws that protect Intellectual Property is not only to secure fair business but also to keep Jobs in the domestic market not to offshore all those Jobs to other foreign countries.We know that weak PR polices and lesser penalties are factors that allow the spread of counterfeiting and piracy within an economy. Furthermore, a deficient legal system can be a cause of this too. However, according to John Lehman, this issue might be caused by a different factor: he said that Intellectual Property was not part of the â€Å"Traditional† Chinese legal code. He concludes that the main problem about Intellectual property in China is not caused by a deficient legal system nor economy but from intellectual and cultural factors. After the creation of the WIPE (World Intellectual Property Organization) in 1970, the WTFO functioned as a forum for the negotiation of international policies on major issues. However, violations concerning PR (Intellectual Property Rights) proved to be extremely difficult to handle. Especially with te chnological products that use to have very short product cycles. Overall, with all the genealogical advances, it was really hard to create an accurate legislation to address all of these new type of problems.There is a thin line between counterfeiting and using the product as a base to improve it, issues like that were a headache for the WTFO. On April 2007, the United States demanded a consultation with China relating to the protection of PR in China. The matters that were discussed during this series of consultations were: the lack of an efficient criminal procedure and set of penalties for commercial piracy, the prohibition to let counterfeited products to be released onto foreign markets and the boundaries in which a copyright piracy consists in of an unauthorized copying. The panel concluded that, to the extent that the Copyright Law and the Customs measures as such are inconsistent with the TRIPS Agreement, they nullify or impair benefits accruing to the United States under th at Agreement, and recommended that China bring the Copyright Law and the Customs measures into conformity with its obligations under the TRIPS Agreement†. 8 On April 2010, China and U. S. Informed the Dispute Settlement Body (IDS) that the agreed procedures were effectively in progress. Opinion: The protection of PR is one of the most important things for developed countries.I agree that counterfeiting and piracy should be severely punished. However, in this case I found an interesting opinion: â€Å"Why should these countries honor the property ownership of other when their own manufacturers could create Jobs and nurture domestic prosperity through piracy and counterfeiting? † This is obviously the other side of the coin it involves a social issue. But I think that copying (not counterfeiting not piracy) can be useful sometimes. I remember reading that after WI, Japan sent several of this workers to work in U. S. In order to get the American know-how.What they did was not counterfeiting because they didn't copy the products but they used the models as their base in order to improve it. That's an interesting idea, especially for developing economies. Recently I watched a documentary about the race between China and India. The main difference between both economies was that India was using innovation in order to grow; on the other hand, China was relying more on copying products than innovating. The same documentary showed that in the present counterfeiting laws are stronger in China but it is still an issue.